■英国からの手紙3 資料①
(英国下院教育特別委員会へのレイ・ジョーンズ教授の提出文書)
イングランドにおける児童社会福祉サービスの最近の見直しには、多くの前向きな点があります。例えば、過去14年間の財政削減を撤回することを求める声や、家族支援や親族による養育への注目などです。しかし、一方でいくつかの懸念や不安もあります。
経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーを子ども保護ソーシャルワーカーとしてのみ従事させることについて
保守党政権が承認し、新たな労働党政権も引き続き試行・推進している今回の提案では、経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーが児童保護の調査や計画に関わる場面のみに限定されしまうことになります。しかし、このことは意図しない悪い影響をもたらす可能性が大いにあります。
1 マカリスター・レビュー(MacAlister review)の主旨が損なわれる
マカリスター・レビューでは、家族が困難に直面した際、早い段階で多くの支援を提供することを提案しています。しかし、今回の提案では、特に貧困や困窮の状況にある家族が、経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーの支援を得るためには子どもの保護手続きや手順を使わざるを得なくなり、かえって家族支援の主旨が損なわれてしまう恐れがあります。
2 他機関による過剰な「子ども保護」認定のリスク
他の支援職や関連機関が、経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーの関与やその保険適応を求めるために、家族の問題を「子どもの保護が懸念されるケース」として過度に強調してしまう可能性があります。しかし、結果的には、家族は経験の浅い職員による継続的な支援を受けられるに留まり、経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーは監視やモニタリングに限定されてしまうなどの恐れがあります。
3 地域とのつながりの喪失
子ども保護を専門とする多職種チームは、より広範囲を担当する必要があるため、中央に配置され地域社会とのつながりが薄くなってしまいます。つまり、地域のネットワーク、幼児支援サービスや、近隣の警察官、GP(かかりつけ医)、保健師、青少年支援機関、学校などとの連携が限られてしまうのです。彼らは、パラシュートでその地域に飛び込み、必要な情報が不足した状態のまま子どもの保護調査を行うことになります。そして、その後去ってしまうのです。
4 児童保護調査の急増とその影響
過去14年間で子どもの保護調査の件数は飛躍的に増えています(2009~2010年で152%増加)。そのうち子どもの保護ケース会議に至るのはわずか33%に過ぎません。実際、家族は子どもの保護調査という忌まわしい介入を受けているものの、多くの家族には、子どものケアに関する深刻な問題は発見されていません。
5 子どもの保護計画の対象となる問題の本質
子どもの保護計画策定につながる際の主な理由は、身体的虐待(7%)や性的虐待(4%)ではなく、心理的虐待(37%)やネグレクト(49%)です。これらの問題は、ストレスやトンネルの先の光が見えないような長期的な貧困によって引き起こされる場合が多いです。しかし、新しく配置される子どもの保護専門ソーシャルワーカーや、遠隔地から来る多職種チームによって、家族は支援ではなく、監視と管理の対象になってしまう可能性があります。これらの家族に必要なのは支援です。
6 行政機関や専門家の懸念
子どもサービス局長、Ofsted(教育基準局)、BASW(英国ソーシャルワーカー協会)などは、政府が導入すると思われるこの方向性について懸念を表明しています。さらに、初期の試行プログラムの報告によると、この偏った役割を担う経験豊富なソーシャルワーカーの採用と確保は難しいことも分かっています。
営利企業による児童社会福祉サービスの継続について
スコットランド、ウェールズ(および北アイルランドの実践)とは異なり、イングランドでは依然として民間企業が子どもの施設ケアや里親ケアを提供しています。子どものケアサービスのための公的資金から、莫大な利益が生み出される一方で、質の低いケアが、子どもの家族や担当ソーシャルワーカーから遠く離れた場所で提供されている状況が続いています。
マカリスター・レビューではこの問題について触れていましたが、結局勧告内容はは、地域の委員会や共同組織を通じた民間サービスの適切な委託・購入することでした。しかし、このことでむしろ状況を悪化させてしまっています。自治体やソーシャルワーカーが、配置する民間施設についてより把握しづらくなるからです。入所施設が遠方になるだけでなく、委託プロセスも遠隔地で実施されることになります。
この民営化の大きな流れを止めるためには、現在地方自治体が依拠している体制を急激に転換させるのではなく、ゆっくりした、段階的なアプローチが必要です。
改善策として考えられる2つの方策
- 自治体の(小型の)児童養護施設の再構築への財政支援
自治体が地域の(小型の)児童養護施設を再構築できるよう、大規模な助成資金を提供すること。さらに、自治体に対し、直接運営・提供する子どものケアサービスの充実に向けた計画と進捗を毎年DfE(教育省)へ報告することを義務付けること。
- 全国的なデータ収集と評価の強化
全国データやパフォーマンス指標で、地方自治体が直接運営する里親ケアや(小型の)児童養護施設で「保護されている」子どもの割合を報告することを義務化すること。また、Ofstedの検査や各地方自治体の報告では、子どもがその自治体の管轄地域内でケアを受けているかどうかにも焦点を当てること。
レイ・ジョーンズ(Ray Jones)
2025年1月16日
■英国からの手紙3 資料① (原文)
Submission from Professor Ray Jones to The Education Select Committee of the House of Commons
There is much which is positive in the recent review in England of children's social services, including the call to reverse the funding cuts of the past 14 years and the focus on family support and on kinship care, but with a few concerns and anxieties as well:
HOLDING BACK EXPERIENCED SOCIAL WORKERS AS EXCLUSIVELY CHILD PROTECTION SOCIAL WORKERS
The proposal, which was accepted by the Conservative government and which continues to be piloted and promoted by the new Labour government of holding back experienced social workers to only become involved with families when there are child protection investigations and plans has all the warning bells of unintended consequences:
1. He thrust of the MacAlister review to provide more help for families when they start to struggle will be undermined by even more families, usually in the midst of significant poverty and deprivation, being drawn into child protection processes and procedures as the means of getting attention and
2. Other workers and agencies will talk up concerns about families as child protection concerns to get any involvement from, and the insurance cover of the involvement of, experienced social workers. But all the families will get is continuing contact with less experienced and confident workers with experienced social workers being held back and limited and trapped in monitoring and surveillance roles.
3. The social workers in the specialist child protection multi-disciplinary teams will be more centrally located as specialist teams need to cover a wider area. They will be more remote from communities, will not have local knowledge of neighbourhood networks, and will have much more limited relationships with early years services, neighbourhood police officers, GPs, health visitors, youth workers, schools etc within a community area. In essence they will parachute in to do a child protection investigation with limited local
4. There has over the past 14 years been an exponential growth in child protection investigations (+152% since 2009-2010), but only 33% lead to child protection case conference. In effect, families have had the threatening intrusion of a child protection investigation with no significant concerns then found about the care of their children.
5. Even when there are concerns leading to child protection plans these are not about physical abuse (7%) or sexual abuse (4%) but about emotional abuse (37%) and especially neglect (49%), which are heavily related to families under stress and going under when immersed in longer term poverty with no light at the end of the tunnel. These families need help not the anxiety-provoking and harassing oversight of child protection plans by this new breed of exclusively child protection social workers and remote multi-disciplinary teams.
6. Directors of children’s services, Ofsted and BASW https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2024/04/10/seven-more-councils-chosen-to-test-family-support-and-child-protection-reforms/ have expressed their concerns about this direction of travel which seems to have been accepted by the government and the reports from the initial pilots is that is has been difficult to recruit and retain experienced social workers to take on this skewed role.
CONTINUING TO ALLOW PRIVATE FOR-PROFIT PROVISION OF CHILDREN'S SOCIAL CARE
Unlike in Scotland and Wales (and unlike in practice Northern Ireland) England has not turned away from private companies providing residential and foster care for children. BIG profits are being taken from the public funding for children's care services whilst poorer quality care is provided remote from children's families and at a distance from the children's social workers.
The MacAlister review commented on this concern but the recommendation was for the better commissioning and purchasing of private sector services through regional commissioning and purchasing consortia. This will only make it worse - local authorities and social workers will have even less knowledge of the private sector placements they are making. Not only will the placements be at a distance but the commissioning will also be at a distance.
This tanker of privatisation does need to be turned! Two ways forward whilst not a big bang destabilisation of current arrangements on which local authorities have become dependent, so a softly softly approach is necessary:
- Make available a larger capital grant to local authorities to rebuild their own local capacity in residential children's homes and require local authorities to file an annual report with the DfE on their plans and progress in having sufficiency in directly managed and provided local children's care services.
- Have a requirement within the national data sets and performance measures to report on what proportion of children 'looked after' are within foster care and residential services directly managed by the local authority, and have as a part of Ofsted inspections and each local authority report a focus on whether children are being cared for within the local authority's own area.
Ray Jones
16.1.2025
■英国からの手紙3 資料②(原文)
Children's Wellbeing and Schools Bill (12th February 2025) 英国議会HP
Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill: evidence for the Public Bill Committee (February 2025) Mike Stein
Summary
· The Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill includes important and welcome measures to improve the lives of children in need of help, protection and those living in and leaving care.
· To ensure all children and young people are able to fulfil their potential will require Government action to address child poverty, end austerity and rebuild public services. These are the foundations stones upon which the legislation must build to transform children’s lives
· By ratifying the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) the UK have endorsed a commitment to ensure all children: have the right to live free from poverty are entitled to be protected; to participate in decisions which shape their lives, and; to be provided with services to meet their needs
Paragraphs 6 to 14 (in italics) contain the main recommendations
Mike Stein is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of York. A qualified social worker, he worked in probation and children’s services. From 1975 at Leeds and 1995 at York University, Mike has carried out and directed pioneering research studies: on young people leaving care, in the UK and internationally; the neglect and maltreatment of teenagers, and; those who go missing from home and care. Mike has also been involved in the preparation of Guidance and training materials for Leaving Care legislation, including the Children Act 1989, the Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 and Planning Transition to Adulthood for Care Leavers, 2010. He acted as the academic adviser to the Quality Protects research initiative and was a member of the Laming Review on ‘Keeping Children in Care out of Trouble’. This evidence, submitted in a personal professional capacity, arises from Mike’s long standing commitment to promoting the rights of young people through research, policy and practice.
The right to live free from poverty
1. In response to the increase in children living in relative and extreme poverty (destitution) since 2010 (over 700,000 increase since 2010, currently over 4 million children, including 1.8 million children in destitution) and MP’s concerns about the impact of the two child limit on benefits, the Government set up a ministerial Child Poverty Taskforce in July 2024 (supported by a Child Poverty Unit in the Cabinet Office), and due to report in ‘spring 2025’.
2. The taskforce is an opportunity to consider the comprehensive evidence of the impact of poverty: how poverty severely damages children’s health, education and wellbeing and is closely associated with an increased demand for children’s services, and is causally associated with children coming into care.
3. The policy implications include: the need to reverse the two-child limit on benefits, end the benefit cap and introduce an ‘essentials guarantee’, to ensure all families have enough income to meet their needs without having to resort to the indignity of charitable aid.
4. The Government have made a general commitment to end austerity and rebuild public services (September, 2024). Since 2010 the Conservative government’s austerity policies, including major reductions in local authority funding, have had a devastating impact upon children’s services. This has included cutting the Sure Start programme, major reductions in local authority family help, substantial cuts to youth services and the rationing of young people’s mental health provision.
5. This has resulted – in conjunction with the rises in child and family poverty - in increased demands for a range of preventative services, high levels of unmet needs until they reach crisis levels, and entirely ‘preventable’ additional numbers of children coming into care. This is the context for the implementation of the Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill.
6. The Government’s Child Poverty Taskforce should detail evidence of the impact of child poverty and inequality on children’s health, education and wellbeing and introduce comprehensive proposals for addressing these in conjunction with the Children’s Wellbeing and Schools Bill.
The right to protection
7. In a Bill designed to protect children, and in the immediate aftermath of the Sara Sharif tragedy, the removal of the ‘reasonable chastisement’ defence of physically assaulting a child, is urgently overdue
The right to participation
8. Given the welcome direction of policy to enhance the rights of children and young people, the Bill should ‘place a duty’ on the local authority ‘to seek and give due consideration to the wishes and feelings of children’, to participate in family group decision making meetings
The right to provision
9. The Bill should ensure all children in care be legally entitled to receive ‘care’ until they are 18 years of age. At present this is denied to, and discriminates against, many young people, aged 16 and 17 years of age, who are ‘placed’ in poor quality unregulated accommodation, and often exploited, many miles from their families and communities
10. The Bill should ensure the provision of children ‘staying close’ to their accommodation and former carers, entitles them to the same assistance, including financial support, as those ‘staying put’ in foster care: a failure to do so discriminates against the former far more vulnerable group
11. The Bill should extend ‘priority need’ under homelessness legislation for care leavers from 18 years up to 25 years of age
12. The Bill should define the purpose, describe the type of regime, detail the funding and stipulate the intended outcomes proposed by Clause 10 –‘widening places where looked after children can be deprived of their liberty under the Children Act 1989’
13. The Bill should introduce measures to end profiteering in the provision of all children’s social care, including residential and foster care placements, children’s homes and any specialist residential provision, to end the ongoing transfer of much needed funding from children’s services
14. The Bill should ensure the provision of a locally based family and community service with experienced qualified social workers, for early help, children in need and child protection work – not just the latter group, as proposed, as this will seriously undermine the Bill’s provision for effective early intervention